The findings suggest the possible role of this indoleamine in the molecular mechanism of mitochondria, safeguarding against potential collapse and cytochrome c release.
Our results indicate that pretreatment BY-2 with melatonin protected tobacco cells against mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-like activation caused by lead. Analyses of cell proliferation and viability, the level of intracellular calcium, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as well as possible translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and subsequent caspase-like proteolytic activity were conducted. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) exposed to lead against death was examined. In the presented report, exogenous melatonin potential to protect Nicotiana tabacum L. It seems that the most important is that melatonin effectively eliminates oxidative stress (direct and indirect antioxidant) and switches on different defence strategies (preventive and interventive actions) during environmental stresses. Recent studies have shown that melatonin is an important molecule in plant physiology. Lastly, we have summarized the transgenic plants developed to enhance the phytoremediation capacity and the tolerance to their toxic environment. Also, we discuss about how CRISPR-Cas can be used for gene knockout, gene replacement, and the multiplexing as well as regulating transcriptome and epigenome in the phytoremediators. Therefore, here we shed light on how new molecular editing toolboxes such as CRISPR-Cas can play a vital role in the editing of the plant genome to increase their capacity to remediate without harming the overall plant growth. Although few studies are underway to use plants for remediating contaminants and pollutants, the genetic make-up limits their capacity to remediate beyond a certain threshold. Phytoremediation has emerged as a feasible option owing to the ubiquitous nature of plants and their role in bringing sustainability.
This situation demands the introduction of modern yet eco-friendly solutions that are cost effective, widely acceptable, and easily applicable. The excessive use of the chemical fertilizers, and release of the heavy metal contaminants and drug waste from the industries and medical settings, respectively, has become a bottleneck to environmental sustainability. Anthropogenic activities such as industrialization and urbanization has resulted in environmental crisis.
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